What Makes a Mammal?

What Makes a Mammal?

There are more than 4,000 different species of mammals. The smallest is the hog-nosed bat, which weighs 0.05 ounces. The largest is the blue whale, which can be 100 feet long and weigh 150 tons. But whether they live on land or water, all mammals share some common characteristics.

All mammals:

• Are vertebrates (which means they have a backbone or spine).
• Are endothermic. Also known as “warm-blooded,” endothermic animals regulate their own body temperate which allows them to live in almost every climate on Earth.
• Have hair on their bodies.
• Produce milk to feed their babies. This allows them to spend more time with their young and teach them important skills they need to survive on their own.

আরমাডিলো(Armadillo)

আরমাডিলো  একটি দেখতে ইঁদুরের বা বনরুই ও শজারুর কাছাকাছি প্রাণী হলেও এদের সব প্রজাতি থেকেই আরমাডিলো আলাদা। এটি একটি বিচিত্র প্রাণী এই প্রাণী জীবনের এক এক সময়ে এক এক রূপ ধারণ করে। নিম্নে আরমাডিলো সম্পর্কে অল্প বিস্তর যা জানা গিয়েছে তা আপনাদের সামনে তুলে ধরলাম।

আরমাডিলো  মাটিতে গর্ত খুগেঁ বসবাস করে এমন একটি প্রাণী। এটি ড্যাসিপোডিডি পরিবারভুক্ত স্তন্যপায়ী প্রাণী। ড্যাসিপোডিডি হচ্ছে সিনগুলাটা বর্গের একমাত্র অস্তিত্ববান পরিবার। এদের প্রধান বিশেষত্ব হচ্ছে দেহের উপরিভাগের বর্মসদৃশ শক্ত ত্বক। বাচ্চারা কোমল ত্বক নিয়ে জন্মগ্রহণ করে। এদের ত্বক শক্ত হতে কয়েক সপ্তাহ লেগে যায়।বর্তমানে প্রায় ১০টি গণে (জাত) ২০ প্রজাতির আরমাডিলো টিকে আছে। আরমাডিলোর দেহের গড় দৈর্ঘ্য ৭৫ সেন্টিমিটার। বৃহৎ আরমাডিলোর দৈর্ঘ্য ১ দশমিক ৫ মিটার এবং ওজন ৫৯ কেজি। এরা এদের ধারালো নখ দ্বারা বসবাসের জন্য গর্ত এবং খাবারের জন্য মাটি খোঁড়ে। আরমাডিলোর দর্শন ক্ষমতা খুবই দুর্বল। এদের পা খাটো হলেও এরা দ্রুত দৌড়াতে পারে। এদের সামনের পায়ে তিন থেকে পাঁচটি এবং পেছনের পায়ে পাঁচটি নখযুক্ত আঙুল রয়েছে। এদের দেহের বেড় বরাবর বলয় রয়েছে। বলয়ের সংখ্যা প্রজাতিভেদে বিভিন্ন। নয় বলয়যুক্ত আরমাডিলো নদীর ধারে আর্দ্র মাটিতে গর্ত খুঁড়তে পছন্দ করে। এদের দেহের উপরিভাগে বর্মসদৃশ শক্ত ত্বক বা খোল রয়েছে। কিন্তু দেহের নিচের অংশের ত্বক কোমল ও লোমযুক্ত। বর্মের মতো শক্ত ত্বক এদের আত্মরক্ষার কাজে লাগে। দক্ষিণ আমেরিকার তিন বলয়যুক্ত আরমাডিলো প্রতিরক্ষার জন্য এদের শক্ত ত্বকের ওপরই ভরসা করে। বিপদে পড়লে এরা দেহকে পাকিয়ে বলের মতো করে। নয় বলয়যুক্ত আরমাডিলো কোনো কারণে চমকে উঠলে শূন্যে লাফ দেয়। আরমাডিলো পানির নিচে প্রায় ৬ মিনিট ডুব দিয়ে থাকতে পারে। এদের বর্মের মতো শক্ত ত্বকের কারণে এরা পানিতে ডুবে যায়। তবে এরা পাকস্খলীকে বায়ু দ্বারা ফুলিয়ে দ্বিগুণ করে পানিতে সাঁতার কাটতে পারে।

স্বভাব

আরমাডিলো নি:সঙ্গ প্রাণী। এরা কখনো অন্য প্রাপ্তবয়স্ক আরমাডিলোর সাথে গর্ত ভাগাভাগি করে না।

খাদ্য

আরমাডিলোর খাবার প্রধানত নানারকম কীট এবং অন্যান্য অমেরুদণ্ডী প্রাণী। এদের কিছু প্রজাতি পিঁপড়া খেয়ে জীবন ধারণ করে।

বংশবৃদ্ধি

আরমাডিলোর গর্ভধারণ সময় ৬০ থেকে ১২০ দিন এবং অধিকাংশ আরমাডিলো একত্রে চারটি বাচ্চা প্রসব করে। ৩ থেকে ১২ মাস বয়সে এরা প্রজনন ক্ষমতা অর্জন করে।

Binturong

Quick Facts

BODY LENGTH:	3 to 3.5 feet
TAIL LENGTH:	32 inches
WEIGHT:	30 pounds or more
WILD DIET:	mostly fruit, but also leaves, shoots, insects, small mammals, birds, and carrion
DISTRIBUTION:	Southeast Asia: BMyanmar, Bangladesh, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Palawan; not abundant over any part of its range.
HABITAT:	dense tropical and subtropical forests

The binturong (Arctictis binturong), also known as bearcat, is a viverrid native to South and Southeast Asia. It is uncommon in much of its range, and listed as Vulnerable by IUCN because of a declining population trend that is estimated at more than 30% over the last three decades.

Thomas Stamford Raffles first described a specimen from Malacca where it is called binturung. In standard Malay, it is known as benturung, and in Riau, Indonesia as tenturun.

The binturong is a monotypic genus. Its genus name Arctictis means ‘bear-weasel’, from Greek arkt- ‘bear’ + iktis ‘weasel’.

Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Viverridae
Subfamily:	Paradoxurinae
Genus:	Arctictis
Species:	A. binturong
Binomial name	Arctictis binturong

Characteristics

The body of the binturong is long and heavy, and low on the legs. It has a thick fur of strong black hair. The bushy and prehensile tail is thick at the root, gradually diminishing in size to the extremity, where it curls inwards. The muzzle is short and pointed, somewhat turned up at the nose, and is covered with bristly hairs, brown at the points, which lengthen as they diverge, and form a peculiar radiated circle round the face. The eyes are large, black and prominent. The ears are short, rounded, edged with white, and terminated by tufts of black hair. There are six short rounded incisors in each jaw, two canines, which are long and sharp, and six molars on each side. The hair on the legs is short and of a brownish tinge. The feet are five-toed, with large strong claws; the soles are bare, and applied to the ground throughout the whole of their length; the hind ones are longer than the fore.

In general build the binturong is essentially like Paradoxurus and Paguma but more massive in the length of the tail, legs and feet, in the structure of the scent glands and larger size of rhinarium, which is more convex with a median groove being much narrower above the philtrum. The contour hairs of the coat are much longer and coarser, and the long hairs clothing the whole of the back of the ears project beyond the tip as a definite tuft. The anterior bursa flap of the ears is more widely and less deeply emarginate. The tail is more muscular, especially at the base, and in colour generally like the body, but commonly paler at the base beneath. The body hairs are frequently partly whitish or buff, giving a speckled appearance to the pelage, sometimes so extensively pale that the whole body is mostly straw-coloured or grey, the young being often at all events paler than the adults, but the head is always closely speckled with grey or buff. The long mystacial vibrissae are conspicuously white, and there is a white rim on the summit of the otherwise black ear. The glandular area is whitish.

The tail is nearly as long as the head and body, which ranges from 28 to 33 in (71 to 84 cm); the tail is 26 to 27 in (66 to 69 cm) long. Some captive binturongs measured from 2 ft 6 in (76 cm) to 3 ft (91 cm) in head and body with a tail of 2 ft 4 in (71 cm). Mean weight of captive adult females is 21.9 kg (48 lb) with a range from 11 to 32 kg (24 to 71 lb). Captive animals often weigh more than wild counterparts.

The binturong is the largest living species of the Viverridae, only rivaled by the African civet. Females are 20% larger than males.

Distribution and habitat

Binturongs occur from India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia to Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Yunnan in China, and from Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java in Indonesia to Palawan in the Philippines.

Binturongs are confined to tall forest. They are not uncommon in the forested plains and hills throughout Assam, but more common in foothills and hills with good tree cover. They have been recorded in Manas National Park, in Dulung and Kakoi Reserved Forests of the Lakhimpur district, in the hill forests of Karbi Anglong, North Cachar Hills, Cachar and Hailakandi Districts. In Myanmar, binturongs were photographed on the ground in the Tanintharyi Nature Reserve at an altitude of 60 m (200 ft), in the Hukaung Valley at altitudes from 220–280 m (720–920 ft), in the Rakhine Yoma Elephant Reserve at 580 m (1,900 ft) and at three other sites up to 1,190 m (3,900 ft) elevation. In Thailand's Khao Yai National Park, several individuals were observed feeding in a fig tree and on a vine. In Laos, they have been observed in extensive evergreen forest. In Malaysia, binturongs were recorded in secondary forest surrounding a palm estate that was logged in the 1970s. In Palawan, they are found in primary and secondary lowland forest, including grassland–forest mosaic from sea level to 400 m (1,300 ft).

Distribution of subspecies

Nine subspecies have been recognized forming two clades. The northern clade from mainland Asia has been separated from the Sundaic clade by the Isthmus of Kra.

• A. b. binturong
• A. b. albifrons
• A. b. penicillatus 
• A. b. whitei
• A. b. pageli 
• A. b. gairdneri
• A. b. niasensis
• A. b. kerkhoveni
• A. b. memglaensis

Ecology and behavior

Binturong (Arctictis binturong) camera trapped at a feeding platform on a fruiting Ficus at Pakke tiger reserve

Binturongs are active during the day and at night. Three sightings in Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary were by day. Thirteen camera trap photograph events in Myanmar involved one around dusk, seven in full night and five in broad daylight. All photographs were of single animals, and all were taken on the ground. As binturongs are not very nimble, they may have to descend to the ground relatively frequently when moving between trees.

Five radio-collared binturongs in the Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary exhibited an arrhythmic activity dominated by crepuscular and nocturnal tendencies with peaks in the early morning and late evening. Reduced inactivity periods occurred from midday to late afternoon. They moved between 25 m (82 ft) and 2,698 m (8,852 ft) daily in the dry season and increased their daily movement to 4,143 m (13,593 ft) in the wet season. Ranges sizes of males varied between 0.9 km² (0.35 sq mi) and 6.1 km² (2.4 sq mi). Two males showed slightly larger ranges in the wet season. Their ranges overlapped between 30–70%. The average home range of a radio-collared female in the Khao Yai National Park was estimated at 4 km² (1.5 sq mi), and the one of a male at 4.5 to 20.5 km² (1.7 to 7.9 sq mi).

They are essentially arboreal. Pocock observed the behaviour of several captive binturongs in the London Zoological Gardens. When resting they lie curled up, with the head tucked under the tail. They never leap, but climb skilfully, albeit slowly, progressing with equal ease and confidence along the upper side of branches or, upside down, beneath them, the prehensile tail being always in readiness as a help, and they descend the vertical bars of the cage head first, gripping them between their paws and using the prehensile tail as a check. When irritated they growl fiercely, and when on the prowl may periodically utter a series of low grunts or a hissing sound made by expelling the air through partially opened lips.

Binturongs move about gently, often coming to a stop, and often using the tail to keep balance, clinging to a branch. They show a pronounced comfort behaviour associated with grooming the fur, shaking and licking the hair, and scratching. Shaking is the most characteristic element of comfort behaviour.

Binturong also use the tail to communicate, through the scent glands on either side of the anus in both males and females. The females also possess paired scent glands on either side of the vulva. Their musk glands emit an odor reminiscent of popcorn. Although they are sympatric with several potential predators, including leopards, clouded leopards and reticulated pythons, predation on adults is reportedly quite rare. Normally quite shy, they can be aggressive when harassed. It is reported to initially urinate or defecate on a threat and then, if teeth-baring and snarling does not additionally deter the threat, will use its powerful jaws and teeth in self-defense.

Diet

Binturongs are omnivorous, feeding on small mammals, birds, fish, earthworms, insects and fruits. Captive binturongs are particularly fond of plantains, but would also eat fowls' heads and eggs. They also prey on rodents. Fish and earthworms are likely unimportant items in their diet, as they are neither aquatic nor fossorial, coming across such prey only when opportunities present themselves. Since they do not have the attributes of a predatory mammal, most of the binturong's diet is probably of vegetable matter. Figs are a major component of their diet.

The binturong is an important agent for seed dispersal, especially for those of the strangler fig, because of its ability to scarify the seed's tough outer covering.

In captivity, the binturong's diet includes commercially prepared meat mix, bananas, apples, oranges, canned peaches and mineral supplement.

Reproduction

The estrous period of the binturong is 81 days, with a gestation of 91 days. The average age of sexual maturation is 30.4 months for females and 27.7 months for males. Fertility lasts until 15 years of age. The binturong is one of approximately 100 species of mammal believed by many husbandry experts to be capable of embryonic diapause, or delayed implantation, which allows the female of the species to time parturition to coincide with favorable environmental conditions. Typical birthing is of two offspring, but up to six may occur.

The maximum known lifespan in captivity is thought to be over 25 years of age.

Threats

Major threats to the binturong are habitat loss and degradation of forests through logging and conversion of forests to non-forest land-uses throughout the binturong's range. Habitat loss has been severe in the lowlands of the Sundaic part of its range, and there is no evidence that the binturong uses the plantations that are largely replacing natural forest. In China, rampant deforestation and opportunistic logging practices have fragmented suitable habitat or eliminated sites altogether. In the Philippines, it is captured for the wildlife trade, and in the south of its range it is also taken for human consumption. In Lao PDR, it is one of most frequently displayed caged live carnivores and skins are traded frequently in at least Vientiane. In parts of Lao PDR, it is considered a delicacy and also traded as a food item to Vietnam.

The Orang Asli of Malaysia keep binturong as pets.

Conservation

India included the binturong in CITES Appendix III. It is protected in Malaysia, and is listed as Critically Endangered on the China Red List.

In captivity

Binturongs are common in zoos, and captive individuals represent a source of genetic diversity essential for long-term conservation. Typically, zoo animals have unknown geographic origin or are the offspring of several generations of captive-bred animals with no information on the geographic origin of the founders.

In captivity, the binturong has been noted for its intelligence as well as its curious disposition. However, its occasional ill-temperament makes it a difficult pet at best and it is better handled by experienced wildlife handlers and zookeepers.